This resource focuses on the relationship between federal and state laws as governed by the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution. It presents a legal scenario involving a conflict between the Clean River Act, established by the federal government to regulate chemical runoff, and a state-enacted Industrial Growth Law that promotes higher waste levels for industrial benefits. Students are tasked with analyzing the implications of the Supremacy Clause, learning to identify key phrases, and determining the precedence of federal laws over state laws. Through guided annotations, critical thinking questions, and application challenges, learners will explore how the Constitution influences environmental policies and legal authority, culminating in a structured argument based on the claim-evidence-reasoning format.