This learning resource focuses on the exploration of prime and composite numbers. Students will understand the definitions, characteristics, and significance of these number classifications. They will systematically list and classify factor pairs for given numbers, learning how the numbers 24 and 7 classify as composite and prime, respectively. Additional activities involve identifying factors for numbers like 9, 11, 16, and 20 while applying area models to visualize this information. The document encourages observations about the nature of factors, with a challenge prompt discussing the implications of having an odd number of factors. A metacognitive check concludes the resource, prompting students to reflect on surprising classifications they encountered.