This resource provides an overview of what an archaeologist does, emphasizing the importance of studying physical artifacts to understand human history. It includes an activity titled 'Artifact Analysis: The Marketplace Mystery', where students learn to differentiate between objective evidence and historical interpretation through observation of a ceramic vessel fragment found in a Mayan marketplace. The document outlines the goal of the activity, introduces a residue clue related to cacao, and employs a thinking routine (See - Think - Wonder) to enhance critical thinking and inquiry. Students are encouraged to formulate a claim based on the evidence provided, thereby integrating scientific observation with historical context.