Home
Mission
Blog
Professional Development
Launchpad
Plans
Community
Help
Black History Month Webquest & Activities | Distance Learning
By Innovations in Technology
Three great activities to celebrate Black History Month this February! Activities include:
--Webquest / Internet Scavenger Hunt (includes answer key)
--Research / Poster project (Microsoft Word) (Student instructions, sample poster, and rubric)
--Word Search Puzzle (includes answer key)
These three short activities are a great way to raise awareness during Black History Month and can each be completed in one or two class periods.
Resources for teacher and students are included with the unit.
This lesson was created for middle school students (grades 6-8) but could also be used for upper elementary students.
This lesson is great for distance learning/remote learning. You can upload it to your school's learning management system (Google Classroom, Edmodo, Canvas, etc.) or share with students via Google Drive.
Remember to leave feedback for credits on future purchases!
**************************************************************************
Connect with us for free technology tips, resources and curriculum:
Follow our blog
Follow us on Facebook
NASA Space Race -Women Behind the Scenes Webquest & Puzzle | Distance Learning
By Innovations in Technology
In this lesson, students learn interesting facts about the NASA’s Space Race and the women behind the scenes as they complete several projects including a WebQuest (Internet Scavenger Hunt) to answer questions about the topic. A complete answer key is provided for the WebQuest for easy grading, along with resources for both teachers and students. The student questions are included in both a print version and a digital (editable) version to make it easy for students to complete the lesson digitally or on paper. Also included with this lesson is a word search puzzle which is perfect for early finishers or as a part of the lesson.
This lesson is intended to be an introduction to the topic and was designed for middle school (grades 6-8) but could be used in high school as well. This lesson could be used in a history or technology class, as an activity during Black History Month or Women's History Month, and is also a great lesson to leave for a substitute teacher!
This lesson is great for distance learning/remote learning. You can upload it to your school's learning management system (Google Classroom, Edmodo, Canvas, etc.) or share with students via Google Drive.
Files included:
· Teacher & Student Resources
· NASA Space Race WebQuest Activity (print and editable digital files included)
· NASA Space Race WebQuest Answer Key
· Word Search Puzzle – NASA Space Race (includes answer key)
Approximate Lesson Duration:
· WebQuest - 1 (50 minute) class period
· Word Search Puzzle – 20-30 minutes
Remember to leave feedback for credits on future purchases!
**************************************************************************
Connect with us for free technology tips, resources and curriculum:
Follow our blog
Follow us on Facebook
Follow us on Pinterest
Visit our Website
MLK Day Reading Passage and Activities - NO PREP!
By Holly O'Hara
This passage and assortment of activities are an engaging and accessible way for your students to strengthen their knowledge of the history behind MLK day and its importance.
THIS PRODUCT INCLUDES:
I do my best to make sure every product is free of typos or mistakes, but please feel free to message me with any corrections or concerns.
AVID Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream" Write the Room Activity
By Teach Savvy Store
Martin Luther King Jr., I Have a Dream Write the Room: Use this writing activity in your AVID classroom, Social Studies, ELA, or any content area. Allow students to reflect on Martin Luther King and his dream with this engaging printable write-the-room activity! This activity features 11 unique labels you can display around your room, each representing a letter to spell out "I Have a Dream." These labels come with thought-provoking prompts that encourage students to reflect on Martin Luther King Jr. The recording sheet allows students to organize and document responses.
Winter Bundle
AVID Seasonal Bundle
AVID Bundle
Directions:
Students will complete the Martin Luther King Jr. prompts around the room and record their responses on the provided recording sheet.
What's Included:
More AVID Resources
Winter Resources
Writing Resources
AVID Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream" Speech + Dicebreakers Activity
By KJ Inspired Resources
AVID Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream" Speech + Dicebrakers Activity: Help your students dig deeper by marking the text of the "I Have a Dream Speech" and build your classroom community with these 5 different Dicebreakers with thought-provoking prompts!
MLK Bundle
AVID Bundle
AVID Team Building Bundle
What's included:
Directions:
Example Prompts:
More AVID Resources
More MLK Resources
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream" One-Pager Activity
By KJ Inspired Resources
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "I Have a Dream" One-Pager Activity: Unlock your students creativity with this free printable inspired by Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic quote, "I have a dream." This open-ended one-pager is perfect for note-taking, sketch notes, and coloring, making it a versatile tool for social-emotional learning (SEL) and mindfulness.
Students can let their imaginations soar by jotting down their dreams in the clouds, turning this printable into an engaging and interactive bulletin board display. Foster self-expression and positivity with this empowering resource, designed to encourage reflection and inspire dreams in a fun and educational way. Download now for a meaningful addition to your classroom or personal space!
MLK Bundle
AVID Lessons Bundle
AVID Bundle
AVID Team Building Bundle
Use for:
Possible “I Have a Dream” sentence starters:
More MLK Resources
Click HERE to see our other AVID resources.
AVID Mega Growing Bundle
AVID Teambuilding Bundle
AVID Writing Bundle
Still I Rise (Angelou) Lesson Plan & Materials
By Language Arts Excellence
Celebrate Black History Month with this thoughtful, engaging lesson on overcoming obstacles in Maya Angelou's renowned poem, "Still I Rise."
This lesson plan on Angelou's poem can be used in a variety of ways throughout the school year. For instance, the lesson is the perfect jumpstart for your unit on slavery, Civil Rights, poetry, or Women's Rights in America. It can also be used as a stand-alone lesson to get your students to reflect upon and discuss overcoming their own personal obstacles. Given the theme of the poem, the lesson even acts as a great medium for discussing how to to rise above bullying in a society where bullying is sadly so prevalent. These meticulously laid-out materials and lesson plan will have your students thinking, speaking, reading, and writing all in one class period and interacting deeply with one of the most beautiful and resounding works of American poetry.
Product Includes:
- Precise lesson plan with warm-up, explanation, application, synthesis, and extension activity
- Student packet for guided notes with anticipation guide and comprehension questions
- Notes on Maya Angelou
- Homework assignment
Note that the poem is not included in this resource as it is protected by copyright. However, "Still I Rise" can easily be found online.
___________________________________________________________________________
Also, check out these great resources for your poetry unit by Language Arts Excellence:
⭐ Poetry ESCAPE ROOM
⭐ Poetry Unit Anticipation Activity
⭐ Caged Bird (Angelou) Lesson Plan & Materials
⭐ Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Lesson Plan & Materials
⭐ Black History Month Poetry {{BUNDLE}}
⭐ Figurative Language Challenge Game
⭐ Sonnet 130 Valentine's Day Lesson Plan
⭐ Sonnet 18 Valentine's Day Lesson Plan
___________________________________________________________________________
Click to Follow Language Arts Excellence
Caged Bird (Angelou) Lesson Plan & Materials
By Language Arts Excellence
Celebrate Black History Month with this engaging lesson on Maya Angelou's stunningly poignant poem of injustice, "Caged Bird."
This dynamic lesson plan on Angelou's poem is the perfect addition to your poetry unit. In this lesson, students will analyze the figurative language within the poem and respond to its powerful theme through independent work, paired activities, and full class discussion. The lesson plan even includes a unique way to read the poem as a class that will have your students engaged from the start. The meticulously laid-out materials will prompt your students to think, speak, read, draw, and write all in one class period and interacting deeply with one of the most celebrated works of American poetry.
Product Includes:
- Comprehensive lesson plan with warm-up, explanation, application, and synthesis
- Student packet: copy of the poem, notes on Maya Angelou, chart and drawing activity, open response question
_________________________________________________________________________
Also, check out these great resources for your poetry unit by Language Arts Excellence:
⭐ Poetry ESCAPE ROOM
⭐ Poetry Unit Anticipation Activity
⭐ "Still I Rise" (Angelou) Lesson Plan & Materials
⭐ Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Lesson Plan & Materials
⭐ Black History Month Poetry {{BUNDLE}}
⭐ Figurative Language Challenge Game
⭐ Sonnet 130 Valentine's Day Lesson Plan
⭐ Sonnet 18 Valentine's Day Lesson Plan
___________________________________________________________________________
⭐Click to Follow Language Arts Excellence⭐
Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Lesson Plan & Materials
By Language Arts Excellence
Celebrate Black History Month with this dynamic lesson on pursuing your dreams in Langston Hughes' provocative poem, Harlem (A Dream Deferred).
This differentiated lesson plan on Hughes' poem is the perfect addition to your poetry unit. In this lesson, students will analyze the figurative language within the poem and respond to its powerful theme through independent work, paired activities, and full class discussion. These meticulously laid-out materials will have your students thinking, speaking, reading, drawing, and writing all in one class period and interacting deeply with one of the most breathtaking works of American poetry.
Product Includes:
- Comprehensive lesson plan with warm-up, explanation, application, synthesis, and differentiated extension activities
- Student packet
- Copy of the poem
- Notes on Langston Hughes
- Drawing Activity
- Open Response Question
- Extension Activity for Forging Original Poetry
This lesson plan is Common Core Aligned.
_________________________________________________________________________
Also, check out these great resources for your poetry unit by Language Arts Excellence:
⭐ Poetry ESCAPE ROOM
⭐ Poetry Unit Anticipation Activity
⭐ "Still I Rise" (Angelou) Lesson Plan & Materials
⭐ Caged Bird (Angelou) Lesson Plan & Materials
⭐ Black History Month Poetry {{BUNDLE}}
⭐ Figurative Language Challenge Game
⭐ Sonnet 130 Valentine's Day Lesson Plan
⭐ Sonnet 18 Valentine's Day Lesson Plan
___________________________________________________________________________
Click to Follow Language Arts Excellence
Unveiling Ancient African Civilizations: Reading Comprehension Worksheet
By More Lessons Less Planning
Embark on a captivating journey through time and uncover the untold stories of Mali, Songhai, and Kush, magnificent African empires that dazzled the world with their wealth, innovation, and cultural achievements. This comprehensive reading comprehension worksheet, perfect for Black History Month or any social studies unit, delves into the heart of these civilizations, dispelling myths and showcasing a vibrant era of African excellence.
Engage your students with:
This resource is ideal for:
Unmask the mysteries of these remarkable empires and ignite your students' passion for history with this dynamic and informative resource!
Review: The content of the product is excellent. It is well-organized, informative, and engaging. The reading comprehension worksheet follows a clear structure, starting with an introduction to the topic, then providing detailed information about each of the three empires, and concluding with primary sources and assessment questions. The inclusion of primary sources and assessment questions is particularly valuable, as it allows students to think critically about the information they have read and develop their understanding of the topic.
Learning Objectives:
Common Core State Standards:
Ancient Ghana's Playground Games: Reading Comprehension Worksheet + Craft
By More Lessons Less Planning
Step away from the gold mines and dive into the vibrant heart of ancient Ghana! This engaging reading comprehension and hands-on activity worksheet transports your students to a sun-drenched world where children's laughter echoes, artisans weave magic with their hands, and festivals burst with colorful celebrations.
Explore Beyond the Surface:
Engage Your Students with:
Perfect for:
Ready to transport your classroom to a vibrant, playful, and historically rich Ghana? Download this exciting worksheet and watch your students become explorers, artists, and celebrants of ancient African culture!
Learning Objectives:
Common Core Standards Alignment:
Measurement activity - Capacity Worksheet - Measuring Stanley Cup 3rd 5th grade
By Epsilon Math Craft & Special Education
Time to use your students hype about Stanely cups! practice measuring and calculating capacity in millilitres through this engaging trending activity.
Directions:
Kids will practice how to read volume in millilitres (mL) on measuring cups. They will first write the capacity of each tumbler cup, then they will use their count by 5's 10's 25's 50's to determine the amount in each measuring cup and also to show a given amount.
GREAT FOR:
Capacities included:
You may like:
Math Map skills Grid Winter Graphing Ordered Pairs
Math Winter Activity Graphing Points - Ordered Pairs Coordinate
Winter Math Activities Graphing 5th Grade Math
Winter Math Activities Ordered Pairs Coordinate
Winter Math Activities Coordinate Plane Secret Message
Math Winter Activity - Coordinate Graphing
Or save $1.19 and get the bundle
My best reviewed freebie:
Free Long division Practice Worksheets.
Don't forget that leaving feedback earns you points toward FREE TeachShare purchases.
All the resources I make cost 25¢ for the first 24 hours! so follow my store <3 to stay updated every time I post.
Copyright ©Epsilon Maths Crafts
Permission to copy for single classroom use only.
Please purchase additional licenses if you intend to share this product.
keywords:(not necessarily related to the topic)
measurement activities first grade, measurement activities first grade, measurement activities inches, measurement activities inches, nonstandard measurement activities, nonstandard measurement activities, cooking measurement activities, cooking measurement activities, ruler measurement activities, ruler measurement activities
⭐️Black History Month Math Activities Coordinate Graphing points bulletin board
By Epsilon Math Craft & Special Education
Get your students excited about coordinates during Black History Month & martin luther king jr Day! These worksheets aim to plot a number of coordinates to find an inspiring message to celebrate some of the most influential African American leaders.
This can help motivate your students to try their best to get the message right by plotting the ordered pairs correctly and accurately.
This resource can be used as an activity, math centers, fast finishers, homework, substitute, "filler days", or end-of-the-year graphing activity! Completed messages will make great bulletin boards for your classroom or hallway.
Figures included:
Directions:
Students will plot letters on a coordinate plane, write each letter above its respective point, and then read the message by following the order of the plotted points from left to right.
A coordinate grid is included with this activity. Only the first quadrant is used therefore it can be used for beginners.
With this resource, you can challenge your class to test their understanding of coordinates to find the hidden message in a fun and meaningful way. So it's a great way of testing their skills.
The activity is No prep and is made to help you teach. It can be downloaded in seconds, all you have to do is print and share them with your class or for homeschooling, it is also great for bulletin board ideas. It's that easy. To make things easier, the answer keys are included.
More from winter coordinates packet:
Math Map skills Grid Winter Graphing Ordered Pairs
Math Winter Activity Graphing Points - Ordered Pairs Coordinate
Winter Math Activities Graphing 5th Grade Math
Winter Math Activities Ordered Pairs Coordinate
Winter Math Activities Coordinate Plane Secret Message
Math Winter Activity - Coordinate Graphing
Or save $1.19 and get the bundle
My best reviewed freebie:
Free Long division Practice Worksheets.
Don't forget that leaving feedback earns you points toward FREE TeachShare purchases.
All the resources I make cost 25¢ for the first 24 hours! so follow my store <3 to stay updated every time I post.
Copyright ©Epsilon Maths Crafts
Permission to copy for single classroom use only.
Please purchase additional licenses if you intend to share this product.
keywords:(not necessarily related to the topic)
digital resources, new years 2024, new year, martin luther king jr, new years, after winter break activity, addition, arctic animals, alphabet, addition and subtraction within 20, quadrilaterals, question of the day, quotation marks, quotation mark practice, qu worksheets, winter, winter activities, writing, winter craft, winter coloring pages, escape room, equivalent fractions, epiphany, emotions, expectations review, reading comprehension, reading comprehension passages and questions, reading, reading log, reading passages, the mitten, text features, theme, telling time, the snowy day, yeti, year of the dragon, y as a vowel, yeti a new year, yes no questions speech therapy, ufli, unit 5, unit rate, unit fractions, ufli assessment, informational writing, nonfiction text features, i have a dream, inferencing, idioms, opinion writing, one word resolution, order of operations, one word, one word new year, place value, penguins, poetry, phonics, calendar, sight words, snowman, snowman craft, shapes, squirrels new years resolution, digital resources, money, division, decodable readers, donut room transformation, fractions, figurative language, foldable style notes, first day back from winter break, fonts, goal setting, grammar, goal setting 2024, guided math year long, growth mindset, writing, writing prompts, happy new year 2024, happy new year, hibernation, january, january morning work, january activities, january bulletin board, january writing prompts, kindergarten morning work, kindness, kindergarten, kindergarten math, kindness activities, lesson plan template, letter recognition, landforms, long division, life skills, zones of regulation, zones of regulation activities, zones of regulation posters, zoo, zones of regulation check in, coloring pages, color by number, money, context clues, calendar, valentines day bulletin board, valentines day, valentines day craft, vision board, vocabulary, back to school after winter break, money, black history month, back to school, bulletin board, new years 2024, new year, new years, new years resolution 2024, new year goals 2024, martin luther king jr, martin luther king jr activities, martin luther king, mlk, morning work, math, math worksheets, math games, math centers, math review
Civil Rights Movement Timeline Display Research and Sorting Activity
By Creative Primary Literacy
A great classroom display and sorting activity that is perfect for introducing students to the some of the key events of the Civil Rights Movement.
There are 38 posters or task cards that include many of the key events from the beginning emancipation proclamation and speeches by Frederick Douglass, to the heroic actions of Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, to the more recent Black Lives Matter movement and George Floyd protests.
The posters look great as a display in the classroom and the cards are a brilliant introduction to the Civil Rights Movement. The displays and cards come both with dates and without dates, so the students can research the dates online before sorting the timeline. The cards look even better when laminated.
Included in this resource:
This timeline of events is by no means exhaustive, as countless individuals and events contributed to the Civil Rights Movement's progress and impact.
⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻⎻
This resource is great for:
Other similar or relevant resources:
⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚⏚
For more great resources follow my store ⇉⇉ CLICK HERE
Also, don't forget to leave feedback to earn TeachShare credits to spend!
Martin Luther King Jr, Gandhi, and India - Quotes, India Speech, Venn Diagram
By The Magical Avocado
Effortlessly integrate learning about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr into your Ancient India unit! This READY TO PRINT AND USE activity packet has three different student activities to learn more about the connection between Dr. King and India.
This activity includes:
1. Lesson Plan
2. Resources and Materials sheet
3. Suggested Anticipatory/Introduction Questions and Answers
4. Cut and Paste Quotes with answer key
5. Comprehension and guided questions to follow along with linked speech excerpts with answer key
6. A biographical information Venn diagram with answer key
7. Suggested Reflection/Closure Questions
BONUS One page of basic Hinduism vocabulary and background information, and guiding questions for the quotes activities!
Great for:
Famous African American Student Notebook
By The Magical Avocado
African American history is American history! This Student Notebook can be used with or separate from the 90 Second Social Studies Famous African Americans assignment.
The notebook includes a list of 35 Famous African Americans with room to write notes for each individual. A page of reflection questions for further study, and two extra pages of notes.
Black History Month Coloring Pages African Inspirational Quotes Coloring Sheets
By Lia
Welcome to our Black History Month Coloring Pages Activity! Explore a world of creativity and inspiration with our collection of 25 beautifully designed pages. Each page is packed with cool pictures and inspiring quote that celebrate the amazing culture of Black people.
Let's celebrate the rich heritage of black history and get inspired as we color our way through Black history!
This download includes 25 coloring pages in PDF format.
May you are interested in our Black History Month products as well:
Bundle President's Day Biography Reading Passages and Worksheets Activity
Black History Month "I Am Black" Collaborative Poster Art Activity Project
Black History Month Art Project Collaborative Poster Bulletin Board Activity
Black History Month MLK Martin Luther King Collaborative Poster
Black History Month Nelson Mandela Quote Collaborative Poster Art Project
Black History Month Rosa Parks Quote Collaborative Poster Art Project
♥♥♥ Follow me to be the first to hear about FREEBIES and updates ♥♥♥
♥♥♥ Earn TeachShare Credits when you leave feedback ♥♥♥
My pleasure to hear any feedback, comments or suggestions.
You may also contact me on createdwithlove023@gmail.com
Black History Month Coloring Pages African Inspirational Quotes Coloring Sheets
By Lia
Welcome to our Black History Month Coloring Pages Activity! Explore a world of creativity and inspiration with our collection of 25 beautifully designed pages. Each page is packed with cool pictures and inspiring quote that celebrate the amazing culture of Black people.
Let's celebrate the rich heritage of black history and get inspired as we color our way through Black history!
This download includes 25 coloring pages in PDF format.
May you are interested in our Black History Month products as well:
Bundle President's Day Biography Reading Passages and Worksheets Activity
Black History Month "I Am Black" Collaborative Poster Art Activity Project
Black History Month Art Project Collaborative Poster Bulletin Board Activity
Black History Month MLK Martin Luther King Collaborative Poster
Black History Month Nelson Mandela Quote Collaborative Poster Art Project
Black History Month Rosa Parks Quote Collaborative Poster Art Project
♥♥♥ Follow me to be the first to hear about FREEBIES and updates ♥♥♥
♥♥♥ Earn TeachShare Credits when you leave feedback ♥♥♥
My pleasure to hear any feedback, comments or suggestions.
You may also contact me on createdwithlove023@gmail.com
Black history month coloring pages, quotes pages
By mohamed bouabad
Title: Black History Month Coloring Pages with Quotes
Description:
Discover the rich tapestry of Black history with our captivating Black History Month Coloring Pages and Quotes set! Perfect for elementary students, this collection of 40 pages celebrates the lives and wisdom of 40 extraordinary individuals who have shaped history.
Features:
40 Inspiring Individuals: Immerse your students in the stories and quotes of iconic figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Maya Angelou, Barack Obama, Serena Williams, and more.
Interactive Coloring Pages: Engage young minds with beautifully designed coloring pages accompanied by insightful quotes from each historical figure.
Educational and Fun: Seamlessly blend education and entertainment as students learn about the achievements and contributions of these influential personalities.
Comprehensive Resource: Each page includes the individual's name, a notable quote, and interesting facts, creating a comprehensive learning experience.
Versatile for Anytime Use: While ideal for Black History Month, this resource is perfect for year-round use, promoting diversity and understanding in the classroom.
Noteworthy Figures:
⭐Robert Nesta Marley
⭐Toni Morrison
⭐Jay-Z
⭐Barbara Jordan
⭐Erykah Badu
⭐Martin Luther King Jr.
⭐Assata Shaukur
⭐John Lewis
⭐Yaa Asantewaa
⭐Alicia Garza
⭐Ta-Nehisi Coates
⭐Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
⭐Ralph Ellison
⭐Lupita
⭐Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
⭐Terrence Howard
⭐Langston Hughes
⭐Arthur Ashe
⭐Bessie Coleman
⭐Billie Holiday
⭐Barack Obama
⭐Ruby Bridges
⭐Rosa Parks
⭐Condoleezza Rice
⭐Aretha Franklin
⭐Martin Luther King Jr.
⭐Frederick Douglass
⭐Serena Williams
⭐Maya Angelou
⭐Ava DuVernay
⭐Nelson Mandela
⭐Marian Wright Edelman
⭐Ida B. Wells
⭐Dr. Mae Jemison
⭐A. Philip Randolph
⭐Alice Walker
⭐Audre Lorde
⭐George Washington Carver
⭐Harriet Tubman
⭐John Lewis
Why Choose Our Black History Coloring Pages with Quotes?
Ignite curiosity, inspire creativity, and celebrate the vibrant history of Black individuals with our Black History Month Coloring Pages with Quotes! Empower your students with knowledge and pride.
Note: Artificial intelligence was used to generate this content for personal use only and is not intended for commercial purposes.
Black history month ,coloring pages, quotes pages
By mohamed bouabad
Black history month ,coloring pages, quotes pages
Delve into the brilliance of Black history with our captivating Black History Month Coloring Pages and Quotes bundle! Tailored for young learners, this set features 5 captivating pages highlighting iconic figures like Robert Nesta Marley, Toni Morrison, Jay-Z, Barbara Jordan, and Erykah Badu. Each page offers profound quotes and fascinating stories, creating an interactive learning experience. Our resource is perfect for Black History Month and year-round exploration, promoting inclusivity and understanding. Choose our Black History Coloring Pages with Quotes for proven engagement, consistent quality, and diverse representation. Immerse students in the richness of Black history, sparking curiosity, creativity, and honoring the vibrant legacies of extraordinary individuals.